Learn it once, explain it cold

API design, from first principles.

A visual, interactive course that builds your intuition from the wire up — so you can design, defend, and debug an API in any interview, from low-level networking to high-level system design. Every lesson has diagrams, worked examples, common traps, the interview angle, quizzes, and hands-on exercises.

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Part 1 — Foundations10/10

How the machinery under every API works. Master this and the rest is application.

What an API really is

Contracts, not code — the promise between two programs.

What makes an API good

Qualities of a great contract; design-first vs code-first; the lifecycle.

Layers & the narrow waist

TCP/IP & OSI layers and why everything funnels through IP.

Latency vs throughput

The two numbers, the four delays, and percentiles.

Network sockets

The pipe every API rides on: ports, TCP handshake, keep-alive.

How the Web works

URLs, DNS, and the full lifecycle of a request.

HTTP & how it evolved

Methods, status codes, headers; 1.0 → HTTP/3 over QUIC.

Remote procedure calls

Making a network call feel local — and where the illusion leaks.

WebSockets & real-time

Two-way channels: polling vs SSE vs WebSockets.

SLIs, SLOs & SLAs

Measuring reliability and spending an error budget.

Part 2 — Data & Formats3/3

How API data is represented on the wire and why format choice matters.

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Data representation & efficiency

Serialization, schemas, and compression on the wire.

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Textual formats: JSON, XML

Human-readable payloads and their trade-offs.

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Binary formats: Protobuf, Avro

Compact, schema-driven encoding for speed and size.

Part 3 — Architectural Styles7/7

REST, GraphQL, gRPC — what each is and when to reach for it.

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Web API styles overview

Request-response, query, and RPC families compared.

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REST architecture style

Resources, uniform interface, statelessness, HATEOAS.

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RESTful APIs in practice

Richardson maturity, naming, status codes, pagination.

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GraphQL: a query language

One endpoint, client-shaped responses, N+1 traps.

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gRPC framework

Protobuf + HTTP/2 streaming for internal services.

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Comparing the styles

A decision guide: pick the right style per use case.

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Client-adapting APIs

Content negotiation, sparse fields, and the BFF pattern.

Part 4 — Resource Design Patterns8/8

Build-along resource modelling — standard & custom methods, field masks, long-running ops, batch, soft delete — ending in a complete mock API you can stand up.

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Resource-oriented design & naming

Model the domain as resources, collections, and a clean hierarchy.

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Standard methods (CRUD)

List, Get, Create, Update, Delete — the canonical contract.

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Custom methods (:verb)

Actions that aren't CRUD, done the REST way.

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Partial updates & field masks

PATCH with update_mask — change only what you mean to.

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Long-running operations

Async operation resources you poll to completion.

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Batch operations

batchGet/Create/Update/Delete — kill the N+1 round trips.

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Soft delete & validation

Recycle-bin deletes, undelete, expunge, and dry-run.

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Capstone: build a mock API

Assemble every pattern into a complete, buildable mock.

Part 5 — Security10/10

Protecting APIs end to end: transport, identity, and input.

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API security threats

The threat model and the OWASP API risks.

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Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Encryption, certificates, and the TLS handshake.

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Securing APIs with input validation

Injection, allow-lists, and never trusting the client.

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CORS, explained

The same-origin policy and how CORS safely relaxes it.

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Authentication vs authorization

Who you are vs what you may do.

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OAuth 2.0

Delegated access, tokens, and the common flows.

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OpenID Connect & SAML

Federated identity and single sign-on.

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API keys, JWTs & a checklist

Bearer tokens, JWT pitfalls, and a hardening checklist.

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Cookies, sessions & CSRF

Web state, session vs token auth, and CSRF defenses.

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Threat modeling (STRIDE)

Think like an attacker: trust boundaries and the six threat classes.

Part 6 — Reliability & Scale18/18

The patterns that keep APIs correct and fast under load.

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API versioning

Evolving without breaking callers.

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Idempotency

Making retries safe; idempotency keys in practice.

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Rate limiting algorithms

Token/leaky bucket, fixed & sliding windows — with code.

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API gateway deep dive

The front door: routing, auth, limiting, aggregation.

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Retries & backoff

Exponential backoff, jitter, and retry storms.

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Circuit breaker pattern

Failing fast to protect a struggling dependency.

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Caching at every layer

Client, CDN, gateway, app, and DB caches.

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Load balancing

Spreading traffic; L4 vs L7; health checks.

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Monitoring & observability

Metrics, logs, traces, and the four golden signals.

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Event-driven & pub/sub

Queues, topics, and decoupling with messages.

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Evolving APIs safely

Additive change, tolerant reader, expand-and-contract.

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Designing webhooks

Payloads, HMAC signing, retries, replay, idempotent consumers.

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Capacity estimation

Back-of-the-envelope sizing: QPS, storage, servers for N users.

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Scaling 1 → 1M users

Vertical vs horizontal, statelessness, the architecture progression.

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Scaling the database

Read replicas, sharding, hot keys, denormalization, CQRS.

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Consistency & CAP

Strong vs eventual, CAP/PACELC, quorum, stale reads.

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High availability

No SPOF, multi-AZ/region, active-active, failover.

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Resilience & disaster recovery

Graceful degradation, bulkheads, load shedding, RTO/RPO, chaos.

Part 7 — Performance5/5

Estimating and shrinking response time.

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Estimating response time

A repeatable method to estimate an API's response time.

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Latency budgets

Splitting a target across hops and components.

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Speeding up page loads

Critical path, payload size, and round trips.

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Data fetching & pagination

Cursor vs offset, batching, prefetch, debouncing.

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Server vs client rendering

SSR, CSR, SSG and what each means for your API.

Part 8 — Production at Scale10/10

Interactive simulators + evidence-based scaling walkthroughs — drag the load toward 100M and watch the behaviour. Figures are first-principles models, cited and labeled.

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Part 9 — Debugging & Real-World6/6

Diagnosing real API failures — the skills interviews and on-call both test.

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Part 10 — Design Case Studies18/18

The repeating interview pattern: requirements → decisions → API model → evaluation.

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Part 11 — Failure Case Studies4/4

What real outages teach about API design.

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Part 12 — Interview Prep7/7

Drill, self-test, and a repeatable method to ace the interview.

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Part 13 — Wrap-up1/1

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Where to go next

Consolidate, keep practising, ship something.